Carbohydrate Intake and Overweight and Obesity among Healthy Adults
Accepted 27 January 2009.
Abstract
Background
Little is known about the dietary habits of people with optimal body weight in communities with high overweight and obesity prevalence.
Objective
To evaluate carbohydrate intake in relation to overweight and obesity in healthy, free-living adults.
Design
We used a cross-sectional analysis.
Subjects/setting
The Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 is a cross-sectional survey of Canadians conducted in 2004-2005. There were 4,451 participants aged 18 years and older with anthropometric and dietary data and no comorbid conditions in this analysis.
Main outcome measures
Outcome variables were body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m2) and overweight or obesity status (dichotomous) defined as BMI ≥25 compared with BMI <25 based on measured height and weight. Diet was evaluated by 24-hour dietary recall based on the Automated Multi-Pass Method.
Statistical analyses performed
Weighted regression models with bootstrapping and cubic splines were used. Outcome variables were BMI and overweight or obesity, and predictors were daily nutrient intake. Adjustment for total energy intake, age, leisure time energy expenditure, sex, smoking, education, and income adequacy was performed.
Results
Risk of overweight and obesity was decreased in all quartiles of carbohydrate intake compared to the lowest intake category (multivariate odds ratio quartile 2=0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.49 to 0.90; odds ratio quartile 3=0.58; 95% confidence interval: 0.41 to 0.82; odds ratio quartile 4=0.60; 95% confidence interval: 0.42 to 0.85). Spline analyses revealed lowest risk among those consuming 290 to 310 g/day carbohydrates.
Conclusions
Consuming a low-carbohydrate (approximately <47% energy) diet is associated with greater likelihood of being overweight or obese among healthy, free-living adults. Lowest risk may be obtained by consuming 47% to 64% energy from carbohydrates.
Address correspondence to: Anwar T. Merchant, ScD, DMD, Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 800 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208
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ABSTRACT
Carbohydrate Intake and Overweight and Obesity among Healthy Adults