Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

2012-02-01

This Month in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

2012-02-01

Phytonutrients Found in Fruits and Vegetables: Ways to Encourage Their Intake

Linda Van Horn — 2012-02-01

This month the Journal presents research that reinforces the importance of fruit and vegetable consumption, partly due to their phytonutrient content. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2003-2006, Murphy and colleagues (p 222) report that energy adjusted intakes of carotenoids and flavonoids are higher among men and women who adhere to the US Dietary Guidelines. Certain foods can contribute up to 64% or more of the total intake of that nutrient. Regardless of the nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables, the nutrients only benefit those who consume them, and unfortunately children often prefer to forego produce in favor of processed foods.

Competency Is More than a Credential

Sylvia A. Escott-Stump — 2012-02-01

We have begun our second month as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. One of the many reasons for adopting this name is to signify that we—individually and collectively, as an organization and a profession—stand at the forefront of the global profession of dietetics. Our name signals the ever-increasing impact we will—and must—make on the nutritional health of people throughout the world in the coming years and decades.

Defining Processed Foods for the Consumer

Matthew Fox — 2012-02-01

In the media, evocative headlines such as “Eating Processed Foods Leads to Depression” () can be found within a few clicks of searching the term on any Internet browser. Still other news sources offer advice on how to slowly eliminate processed foods from the diet (), advancing the eating of natural food instead of processed food. The growing industry of organic foods, which has seen sales increase more than 25-fold since 1990 (), is seen as providing healthier, whole alternatives to refined processed foods. The effect of this manner of large-scale exposure is predictable—recent research shows that 43% of consumers have a negative view of processed foods, whereas only 18% look at them positively (). It is not surprising that recent times have seen the public respond against the increasingly common “foe” of so-called processed foods, which are being scrutinized like never before.

Phytonutrient Intake by Adults in the United States in Relation to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

2011-11-14

Abstract: Background: Individuals consuming diets dense in fruits and vegetables consume an array of phytonutrients as well as recognized nutritional components, including vitamins, minerals, and fiber. There is a growing body of evidence that phytonutrients may play positive roles in health. Objective: The purpose of this research was to estimate usual intakes of nine individual phytonutrients by Americans consuming recommended levels of fruits and vegetables compared to intakes by adults not meeting these recommendations, and to identify contributions of food sources to total phytonutrient intakes. The phytonutrients examined in this study are found predominantly in fruits and vegetables. Design: Food consumption data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2006 and phytonutrient concentration data from US Department of Agriculture databases and the published literature were used to estimate energy-adjusted usual intakes. Student's t tests were used to compare mean energy-adjusted phytonutrient intakes between subpopulations who consumed recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables vs those who did not. Percentage contributions of each phytonutrient by food source were estimated for all adults. Results: Energy-adjusted intakes of all phytonutrients other than ellagic acid were considerably higher among both men and women meeting dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes compared to those not meeting the recommendations; energy-adjusted intakes of ellagic acid were higher only among women meeting vs not meeting the recommendations. For five of the nine phytonutrients (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, hesperetin, and ellagic acid), a single food accounted for 64% or more of the total intake of the phytonutrient. Conclusions: Energy-adjusted intakes of carotenoids and flavonoids are higher among men and women whose diets conform to dietary guidance for fruits and vegetables. A limited number of foods provide the majority of these phytonutrients. Findings from this research provide important reference information on the phytonutrient contributions of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Repeated Exposure in a Natural Setting: A Preschool Intervention to Increase Vegetable Consumption

Meghan L. O'Connell, Kathryn E. Henderson, Joerg Luedicke, Marlene B. Schwartz — 2012-02-01

Abstract: Background: Laboratory and home-based research suggest that repeated exposure to vegetables may increase consumption among children. Effectiveness of repeated exposure to vegetables has not been tested in a community-based preschool setting. Objective: This randomized controlled trial tested the hypotheses that children who are served unfamiliar vegetables repeatedly in the preschool lunch setting will increase consumption of them, and that consumption will be influenced by peer eating behaviors and parental feeding behaviors. Subjects/setting: Data were collected in two private preschools in a small northeastern city in 2007. Ninety-six children (aged 3 to 6 years) participated. Design: Schools were randomly assigned to condition. During the first 6 weeks, Preschool A served three vegetables at lunch on 10 separate occasions (ie, 30 days of exposure), while Preschool B continued routine practice. In the 7th week, schools reversed conditions and Preschool B served the vegetables for the next 6 weeks. Consumption data were collected daily in the intervention school and at baseline and post-intervention meals in the control school. Primary outcomes/statistical analyses: Analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of vegetable exposure on vegetable intake; multilevel models were used to examine the effect of peer eating behaviors and parental feeding practices on vegetable intake. Results: Repeated exposure did not increase vegetable consumption. Greater consumption by tablemates was a significant predictor of greater vegetable consumption; across the three vegetables, 1 g of peer intake was associated with roughly a 1/5-g intake increase among the subjects. Overall, children demonstrated wide fluctuation in vegetable consumption from day to day, creating as much variability within subjects as between them. Conclusions: Further research should explore the conditions necessary for repeated exposure to increase vegetable consumption in preschool settings. Creating opportunities for young children to serve as peer models has promise as a strategy to promote vegetable consumption.

Offering “Dip” Promotes Intake of a Moderately-Liked Raw Vegetable among Preschoolers with Genetic Sensitivity to Bitterness

2011-11-24

Abstract: Background: Evidence-based strategies for promoting vegetable consumption among children are limited. Objective: To determine the effects of providing a palatable “dip” along with repeated exposure to a raw vegetable on preschoolers' liking and intake. Participants: One hundred fifty-two predominately Hispanic preschool-aged children studied in Head Start classrooms in 2008. Design: A between-subjects, quasiexperimental design was used. A moderately-liked raw vegetable (broccoli) was offered twice weekly at afternoon snacks for 7 weeks. Classrooms were randomized to receive broccoli in one of four conditions differing in the provision of dip. Bitter taste sensitivity was assessed using 6-n-propylthiouracil. Intervention: Broccoli was provided in four conditions: with regular salad dressing as a dip, with a light (reduced energy/fat) version of the dressing as a dip, mixed with the regular dressing as a sauce, or plain (without dressing). Main outcome measures: Mean broccoli intake during 7 weeks of exposure and broccoli liking following exposure. Statistical analyses: Descriptive statistics were generated. Multilevel models for repeated measures tested effects of condition and bitter sensitivity on mean broccoli intake during exposure and on pre- and post-exposure liking while adjusting for classroom effects and potential covariates. Results: The majority of Hispanic preschoolers (70%) showed sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiouracil. Children's broccoli liking increased following exposure but did not vary by dip condition or bitter sensitivity. Bitter-sensitive children, however, ate 80% more broccoli with dressing than when served plain (P<0.001); effects did vary based on whether regular or light dressing was provided as a dip or sauce. Dip did not promote broccoli intake among bitter-insensitive children. Conclusions: Providing dip—regular, light, or as a sauce—increased raw broccoli intake among bitter-sensitive Hispanic preschoolers. Findings suggest that offering low-fat dips can promote vegetable intake among some children who are sensitive to bitter tastes.

A Rice-Based Traditional Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Obesity in Korean Adults

Jihye Kim, Inho Jo, Hyojee Joung — 2012-02-01

Abstract: Background: Dietary patterns are critical in the prevention of chronic disease. The relationship between specific dietary patterns and obesity has not been evaluated in a Korean adult population. Objective: This study examined whether specific dietary patterns are associated with obesity using survey data of the largest, nationally representative, general Korean population. Design: The cross-sectional study was comprised of 10,089 Korean adults (19 years or older) who participated in the second and third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2001 and 2005, respectively. Dietary data were assessed by 24-hour recall method. Obesity was defined as body mass index (calculated as kg/m2) ≥25, which is the cutoff point for adults in the Asian and Pacific regions. Results: Four dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis (white rice and kimchi pattern; high-fat, sweets, and coffee pattern; meat and alcohol pattern; and grains, vegetables, and fish pattern). Each dietary pattern explained 8.6%, 6.7%, 5.7%, and 5.7% of the variation in food intake, respectively. The white rice and kimchi pattern (P for trend=0.0039) and the high-fat, sweets, and coffee pattern (P for trend=0.0054) were positively associated with obesity after adjustments for age, sex, energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, and chronic diseases. No significant association was found among the meat and alcohol pattern; the grains, vegetables, and fish pattern; and obesity. Conclusions: Specific dietary patterns, which include the white rice and kimchi and high-fat, sweets, and coffee patterns, may be independently associated with obesity in Korean adults.

Nutrition and Health Literacy: A Systematic Review to Inform Nutrition Research and Practice

Elena T. Carbone, Jamie M. Zoellner — 2012-02-01

Abstract: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to make informed health decisions. Health literacy is a stronger predictor of health than age, income, employment, education, and race. Although the field has grown during the past decade, most health literacy research does not explicitly focus on food or nutrition, and dietetics practitioners often remain unaware of patients' health literacy level. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the literature on nutrition and health literacy to enhance dietetics practitioners' awareness of the importance of health literacy in practice and research. Of the 33 studies reviewed, four focused on measurement development, 16 on readability assessments, and 13 on individual literacy skills assessments. Collective evaluation revealed four noteworthy gaps, including the need to use more comprehensive assessment approaches that move beyond readability and numeracy to address the full spectrum of health literacy factors; the need to apply more robust experimental studies to examine the effectiveness of health literacy interventions among individuals, communities, health care providers, and health care systems; the need to explore the moderating and mediating roles of an individual's health literacy status on nutrition outcomes; and the need to examine long-term effects of health literacy interventions on nutrition outcomes. This article defines health literacy gaps and opportunities in nutrition research and practice, and calls for continued action to elevate the role of dietetics practitioners in addressing health literacy.

Serving Larger Portions of Fruits and Vegetables Together at Dinner Promotes Intake of Both Foods among Young Children

2011-11-23

Abstract: Serving larger portions of energy-dense foods has been shown to promote children's energy intake at meals. Whether larger portions increase children's intake of both fruits and vegetables (F&V) is less clear. A 2×2 within-subjects design systematically varied portion sizes of fruit (75 vs 150 g) and vegetable (75 vs 150 g) side dishes served at dinner. Children's F&V liking was measured using a validated tasting method. Thirty children aged 4 to 6 years were tested in a laboratory setting at 5:00 pm on weekdays from November 2008 through March 2009. Mixed linear models were used to determine effects of fruit portion size, vegetable portion size, and their interaction on food and energy intakes. Data are presented as model-based means±standard error unless otherwise indicated. When portions were doubled, children increased their vegetable intake by 37% (12±4 g; P<0.01) and their fruit intake by 70% (41±6 g; P<0.01). Vegetable portion size effects were not influenced by offering more fruit and vice versa. Portion size effects were limited to children who liked that particular food. Total meal energy intake did not vary by portion size condition. These results indicate that serving larger F&V portions at meals can be used to promote young children's intake of both foods without influencing total meal energy intake. Effects were not seen in children who disliked F&V, suggesting a need to combine increased F&V portions with strategies to increase their acceptance.

Children Who Are Pressured to Eat at Home Consume Fewer High-Fat Foods in Laboratory Test Meals

Heewon Lee, Kathleen L. Keller — 2012-02-01

Abstract: Parents use greater pressure to eat with children who weigh less, but the impact of this practice is unclear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association between parental reports of eating pressure and children's actual intake across four identical ad libitum meals. Sixty-eight ethnically diverse, 4- to 6-year-old children from New York, NY, participated in this study from 2005 to 2007. Eating pressure was measured by the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Height and weight were measured and converted to body mass index z scores. Meals consisted of macaroni and cheese, string beans, carrots, grapes, graham crackers, cheese sticks, milk, pudding, and a sugar-sweetened beverage. Multiple regressions were performed to determine the extent to which pressure to eat predicted food intake after adjusting for BMI z score and child weight concern. Pressure to eat was negatively associated with child BMI z score (r=−0.37; P<0.01), energy intake (β=−.30; P<0.05), and energy density (β=−.28; P<0.05). In addition, pressure was negatively associated with intake of macaroni and cheese (β=−.26; P<0.05), whole milk (β=−.27; P<0.05), and pudding (β=−.33; P<0.01), but positively associated with vegetable intake (β=.43; P<0.01). However, both vegetable and milk consumption were low, so results should be interpreted with caution. These findings suggest that greater pressure to eat is associated with lower intake of some high-fat foods in the laboratory, where no pressure is applied.

Meals in Our Household: Reliability and Initial Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Child Mealtime Behaviors and Family Mealtime Environments

Sarah E. Anderson, Aviva Must, Carol Curtin, Linda G. Bandini — 2011-12-16

Abstract: Mealtimes in families with young children are increasingly of interest to nutrition and public health researchers, yet assessment tools are limited. Meals in Our Household is a new parent-report questionnaire that measures six domains: 1) structure of family meals, 2) problematic child mealtime behaviors, 3) use of food as reward, 4) parental concern about child diet, 5) spousal stress related to child's mealtime behavior, and 6) influence of child's food preferences on what other family members eat. Reliability and initial face, construct, and discriminant validity of the questionnaire were evaluated between January 2007 and December 2009 in two cross-sectional studies comprising a total of 305 parents of 3- to 11-year-old children (including 53 children with autism spectrum disorders). Internal consistencies (Cronbach's α) for the six domains averaged .77 across both studies. Test–retest reliability, assessed among a subsample of 44 parents who repeated the questionnaire after between 10 and 30 days, was excellent (Spearman correlations for the domain scores between two administrations ranged from 0.80 to 0.95). Initial construct validity of the instrument was supported by observation of hypothesized inter-relationships between domain scores that were of the same direction and similar magnitude in both studies. Consistent with discriminant validity, children with autism spectrum disorders had statistically significantly (P<0.05) higher domain scores for problematic child mealtime behaviors, use of food as reward, parental concern about child diet, and spousal stress, as compared to typically developing children. Meals in Our Household may be a useful tool for researchers studying family mealtime environments and children's mealtime behaviors.

Examination of Circulating Folate Levels as a Reflection of Folate Intakes among Older Adult Supplement Users and Nonusers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004

2012-02-01

Abstract: High intakes of folic acid and/or elevated blood folate concentrations have been associated with negative health outcomes; thus, it is critical to identify those at greatest risk of such exposures. The goal of this research was to describe folate intakes (folic acid [μg], folate [μg], and total folate [dietary folate equivalent] from food) and identify people 45 years or older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 at risk of exposure to elevated serum folate concentrations (≥21.8 ng/mL [49.4 nmol/L]) when stratified by race or ethnicity and supplement use within sex. Black men consumed a lower mean food folate and exhibited lower red blood cell folate concentrations when compared to those of white or Mexican-American men (P<0.01 and P<0.01 for both). Black women consumed a lower food folate than Mexican-American women (P<0.01), less total folate (dietary folate equivalent) than white women (P<0.01), and had lower red blood cell folate concentrations than white women (P<0.01). Multivariate odds of elevated serum folate levels increased with age in men (P<0.001) and women (P=0.01). All white subjects and all supplement users (all P<0.001) were more likely to have elevated folate concentrations, while smoking reduced the odds of such exposures in women (P<0.001) and men (P=0.04). These findings highlight the need to understand the impact of chronic exposure to elevated folate intakes, especially among white subjects with increasing age and who use supplements.

Snacking Is Associated with Overall Diet Quality among Adults

Claire A. Zizza, Beibei Xu — 2011-11-14

Abstract: Snacking occasions are considered to contribute little more than energy to the diet; however, few studies have examined the role of snacking on overall diet quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and overall diet quality. This study included 11,209 adults aged 20 years and older who participated in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twenty-four–hour dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 were used to assess snacking frequency and diet quality. Diet quality was assessed with the US Department of Agriculture's Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005). To adjust for confounding variables, multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the association between snacking frequency and HEI-2005 score, whereas the relationship between snacking frequency and HEI-2005 component scores were examined with Tobit regression models. Contrary to expectation, snacking was modestly associated (P<0.001) with higher total HEI-2005 scores (49.3±0.5, 49.9±0.3, 50.9±0.3, 51.9±0.4, and 51.6±0.6 for snacking zero, one, two, three, and four or more times per day, respectively). Total fruit (P<0.001), whole fruit (P<0.001), whole grains (P<0.001), milk (P<0.001), oils (P<0.001), and sodium (P<0.001) component scores were positively associated with snacking frequency. Inverse associations between snacking frequency and total vegetables (P=0.009); meat and beans (P=0.045); and the energy from solid fat, alcohol, and added sugars (P=0.007) components were observed. Although the magnitude of the association between snacking and overall diet quality was modest, snacking was associated with a more nutrient-dense diet. Focusing on the contribution snacking may have on single nutrient intakes may overlook its total nutritional impact.

A Novel Dietary Intervention to Optimize Vitamin E Intake of Pregnant Women to 15 mg/Day

2011-12-19

Abstract: Associations have been reported between suboptimal maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy and childhood asthma. This pilot study conducted in 2008/2009 investigated the feasibility and acceptability of a food-based randomized controlled trial in pregnant women to optimize dietary vitamin E intake to 15 mg/day. A food-based intervention using “food exchanges” to individually optimize dietary vitamin E intake to 15 mg/day was developed and included in an advice booklet. Forty-three pregnant women with a personal/partner history of asthma were recruited at 12 weeks gestation and randomized to food-based intervention or a control group until 20 weeks gestation. A registered dietitian assessed the vitamin E intake of 22 women and provided tailored advice on food-based exchanges to optimize their intake to 15 mg/day. The 21 control women were not given dietary advice. The food-based intervention was completed by 19 women and increased mean vitamin E intake: food diary data, 7.13 mg/day (95% confidence interval: 5.63 to 18.6) to 17.4 mg/day (95% confidence interval: 14.4 to 20.5) (P<0.001). This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of a food-exchange−based intervention to optimize dietary vitamin E intake during pregnancy. Additional work is required to determine whether this intervention, if sustained for the rest of pregnancy, reduces the likelihood of childhood asthma. The methodology used in the design of this novel food-based intervention could be transferred to other nutrients.

Food Portion Estimation by Children with Obesity: The Effects of Estimation Method and Food Type

2012-02-01

Abstract: Several factors influence children's ability to report accurate information about their dietary intake. To date, one understudied area of dietary assessment research relates to children's ability to estimate portion sizes of food. The purpose of this cross-sectional research was to examine food portion size estimation accuracy in 7- to 18-year-old children with obesity. Two within-subject experiments (Experiment 1: n=28, Experiment 2: n=27) were conducted in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, during 2007-2008. Three types of portion size measurement aids (PSMAs) (eg, measuring cups and spoons, household objects [full and half-sized], and modeling clay) were counterbalanced in a Latin Square design for participants to estimate four types of foods (ie, solid, liquid, amorphous pieces, and amorphous masses). Analyses of variance conducted on percent of signed and absolute errors yielded significant PSMA type×food type interactions (P<0.01) in both experiments. Across all food types, for Experiments 1 and 2, measuring cups and spoons produced the least accurate estimates with respect to absolute error (54.2% and 53.1%, respectively), whereas modeling clay produced the most accurate estimates (40.6% and 33.2%, respectively). Half sizes of household objects also yielded enhanced accuracy (47.9% to 37.2%). Finally, there were significant differences in accuracy between amorphous pieces (eg, grapes) vs amorphous masses (eg, mashed potatoes; P<0.01), indicating that there are qualitative differences in how different amorphous foods are estimated. These data are relevant when collecting food intake data from children with obesity and indicate that different PSMAs may be needed to optimize food portion size estimation accuracy for different food types.

Communication and Education for Families Dealing with End-of-Life Decisions

Charlette R. Gallagher-Allred — 2012-02-01

Clinical and consultant dietetics practitioners are frequently faced with ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care. In 1978, as a volunteer clinical dietitian in a hospice, I quickly realized that I had ventured into a practice setting that had limited evidence-based practice guidelines and few dietetics colleagues. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy)/Commission on Dietetic Registration Code of Ethics for the Profession of Dietetics () was then, and continues to be, an invaluable aid in professional practice and conduct. This article demonstrates how several ethical principles in the Code address the values and obligations of the dietetics practitioner when communicating with and educating families as they deal with end-of-life decisions.

2011 Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture: The Road to HEaLth Is Paved with Good InVentions: Of Science, Sense, and Elephense

David L. Katz — 2012-02-01

We claim as a matter of routine that “knowledge is power.” But we have known for decades—indeed, centuries—that diet is a cornerstone of health, yet we have failed to achieve optimal dietary patterns for all. We have known the leading causes of premature death and chronic disease in the United States for 2 decades or more, and have done relatively little with the information. Knowledge may be necessary for power, but it is clearly not sufficient. Knowledge may be prerequisite to power, but is clearly not commensurate with it. The gap between what we know and what we do in disease prevention and health promotion, and specifically in the application of nutrition to these goals, belies the wishful thinking that just knowing is enough. What is required to bridge this gap? What operational steps are required to translate our knowledge into the power of routine action? What would turn optimal eating from the road less traveled to the path of lesser resistance? What is the role in the design and execution of those steps of science, and of sense? What elements make up the “big picture” in which knowledge and power, what we know and what we do, actually come together? The case will be made that the reductionistic demands of science can, when misapplied, impede rather than accelerate the insights borne of sense. Reductionism sees trees, but no forest; parts, but no elephant. A vision will be shared for a reconciliation of science and sense that helps us find the forest; and for a reconciliation of knowledge and power that actually gets us … out of the woods.

Position Paper Update for 2012

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics — 2012-02-01

The House of Delegates (HOD) approved the proposed position paper concept “The Role of Nutrition Genomics in Dietetics” in January 2011. The position paper is under development. Publication is planned for early 2013. The following is a list of all current positions of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

February 2012 People & Events

2012-02-01

2012 Academy Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo October 6-9, 2012 Philadelphia, PA

Erratum

2012-02-01

In the October 2011 issue of the Journal, there was an error in the article “A Systematic Review of Behavioral Interventions to Promote Intake of Fruit and Vegetables” by Thomson and Ravia. In Figure 3 on page 1526, the Study design/intervention column for the MENU study incorrectly included “Control: breast self-exam, counseling, and telephone call (non-diet)”. This description does not apply to this study and should not have been included. As indicated elsewhere in the Figure, the MENU study used an untailored Web diet intervention as its control group, which did not include breast self-exam, counseling, or direct telephone contact.

The Huddleson Award 2011: Recognize research excellence—Nominate an article published in the 2011 Journal for the Huddleson

2012-02-01

Every year the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is proud to present its readers with a variety of revealing and insightful articles that expand the perimeters of nutrition science. While every article featured in this publication reflects a worthy contribution to the dietetics profession, each year there are a select number of articles whose research and content are so exceptional that they deserve to be recognized by the Academy.

February 2012 New in Review

2012-02-01

New in Review Editor: Judith Beto, PhD, RD, FADA Sites in Review Editor: Eileen Vincent, MS, RD

February 2012 Classified Advertisements

2012-02-01

Are Krill Oil Supplements a Better Source of n-3 Fatty Acids than Fish Oil Supplements?

Eleese Cunningham — 2012-02-01

n-3 fatty acids include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), derived primarily from plant sources; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), derived primarily from marine sources. n-3 fatty acids can also be obtained from supplements. Reports of numerous health benefits have contributed to the popularity of n-3 supplements (). Fish oil supplements containing EPA and DHA typically provide approximately 180 to 300 mg EPA and 120 to 200 mg DHA per capsule ().

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Table of Contents

This Month in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Phytonutrients Found in Fruits and Vegetables: Ways to Encourage Their Intake

Competency Is More than a Credential

Defining Processed Foods for the Consumer

Phytonutrient Intake by Adults in the United States in Relation to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Repeated Exposure in a Natural Setting: A Preschool Intervention to Increase Vegetable Consumption

Offering “Dip” Promotes Intake of a Moderately-Liked Raw Vegetable among Preschoolers with Genetic Sensitivity to Bitterness

A Rice-Based Traditional Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Obesity in Korean Adults

Nutrition and Health Literacy: A Systematic Review to Inform Nutrition Research and Practice

Serving Larger Portions of Fruits and Vegetables Together at Dinner Promotes Intake of Both Foods among Young Children

Children Who Are Pressured to Eat at Home Consume Fewer High-Fat Foods in Laboratory Test Meals

Meals in Our Household: Reliability and Initial Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Child Mealtime Behaviors and Family Mealtime Environments

Examination of Circulating Folate Levels as a Reflection of Folate Intakes among Older Adult Supplement Users and Nonusers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004

Snacking Is Associated with Overall Diet Quality among Adults

A Novel Dietary Intervention to Optimize Vitamin E Intake of Pregnant Women to 15 mg/Day

Food Portion Estimation by Children with Obesity: The Effects of Estimation Method and Food Type

Communication and Education for Families Dealing with End-of-Life Decisions

2011 Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture: The Road to HEaLth Is Paved with Good InVentions: Of Science, Sense, and Elephense

Position Paper Update for 2012

February 2012 People & Events

Erratum

The Huddleson Award 2011: Recognize research excellence—Nominate an article published in the 2011 Journal for the Huddleson

February 2012 New in Review

February 2012 Classified Advertisements

Are Krill Oil Supplements a Better Source of n-3 Fatty Acids than Fish Oil Supplements?